Campanero, M.A. (Miguel Angel)

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    Determination of gentamicin in different matrices by a new sensitive high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometric method
    (Oxford University Press, 2006) Campanero, M.A. (Miguel Angel); Lecaroz, M.C. (María Concepción); Blanco-Prieto, M.J. (María José); Gamazo, C. (Carlos)
    OBJECTIVES: The aim of this work was to develop and validate an HPLC method for gentamicin quantification in different types of biological samples such as animal tissues and cellular material and also in pharmaceuticals. METHODS: Poly(lactide-co-glycolide) microparticles (MP) of gentamicin (PLGA 502H MP), THP-1 cells, and plasma and tissue samples of mice treated with the antibiotic either free or loaded into PLGA 502H MP were processed by a simple preparation procedure, subjected to chromatography on a reversed-phase column and measured by mass spectrometry detection. The developed method was compared with bioassay and fluorimetric assay methods previously used for gentamicin determination. RESULTS: The HPLC method was linear over the ranges 40-800 ng/mL and 0.1-100 microg/mL and showed good accuracy (average accuracy < 5.59%) and reproducibility (CV < 6.13%). Encapsulation of gentamicin in PLGA 502H MP was determined by the three methods. Good correlation was observed between bioassay (reference method) and HPLC. Extra- and intracellular in vitro antibiotic accumulation was determined by bioassay and chromatography. Both methods gave similar extracellular concentrations but the HPLC-MS technique demonstrated an improved accuracy (5.59% versus 14%) and precision (6.13% versus 15%) compared with bioassay. However, only the HPLC-MS method was sensitive enough to detect the drug, intracellularly and in tissues. CONCLUSIONS: All these data favour the use of chromatography-mass spectrometry as a versatile technique not only suitable for gentamicin quantification loaded in drug delivery systems, but also sensitive and specific enough for in vivo and intracellular studies.
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    Poly(D,L-lactide-coglycolide) particles containing gentamicin: pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics in Brucella melitensis-infected mice
    (American Society for Microbiology, 2007) Campanero, M.A. (Miguel Angel); Lecaroz, M.C. (María Concepción); Blanco-Prieto, M.J. (María José); Gamazo, C. (Carlos); Salman, H.H. (Hesham H.)
    Drug delivery systems containing gentamicin were studied as a treatment against experimental brucellosis in mice. Micro- and nanoparticles prepared by using poly(D,L-lactide-coglycolide) (PLGA) 502H and microparticles made of PLGA 75:25H were successfully delivered to the liver and the spleen, the target organs for Brucella melitensis. Both polymers have the same molecular weight but have different lactic acid/glycolic acid ratios. Microparticles of PLGA 502H and 75:25H released their contents in a sustained manner, in contrast to PLGA 502H nanoparticles, which were degraded almost completely during the first week postadministration. The values of the pharmacokinetic parameters after administration of a single intravenous dose of 1.5 mg/kg of body weight of loaded gentamicin revealed higher areas under the curve (AUCs) for the liver and the spleen and increased mean retention times (MRTs) compared to those for the free drug, indicating the successful uptake by phagocytic cells in both organs and the controlled release of the antibiotic. Both gentamicin-loaded PLGA 502H and 75:25H microparticles presented similar pharmacokinetic parameter values for the liver, but those made of PLGA 75:25 H were more effective in targeting the antibiotic to the spleen (higher AUCs and MRTs). The administration of three doses of 1.5 mg/kg significantly reduced the load associated with the splenic B. melitensis infection. Thus, the formulation made with the 75:25H polymer was more effective than that made with 502H microspheres (1.45-log and 0.45-log reductions, respectively, at 3 weeks posttreatment). Therefore, both, pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic parameters showed the suitability of 75:25H microspheres to reduce the infection of experimentally infected mice with B. melitensis.
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    Randomized crossover pharmacokinetic evaluation of subcutaneous versus intravenous granisetron in cancer patients treated with platinum-based chemotherapy
    (AlphaMed Press, 2007) Campanero, M.A. (Miguel Angel); Perez-Gracia, J.L. (Jose Luis); Martin-Algarra, S. (Salvador); Olier, C. (Clara); Blanco-Prieto, M.J. (María José); Fernandez-Gallego, V. (V.); Lopez-Picazo, J.M. (José M.); Gurpide, A. (Alfonso); Garcia-Foncillas, J. (Jesús); Gil-Aldea, I. (I.); Sadaba, B. (Belén); Cruz, S. (S.) de la; Ceballos-Viro, J. (Jaime); Cabello, J.P. (J.P.); Azanza, J.R. (José Ramón); Reyna, C. (Carmen)
    BACKGROUND: 5-HT3-receptor antagonists are one of the mainstays of antiemetic treatment, and they are administered either i.v. or orally. Nevertheless, sometimes neither administration route is feasible, such as in patients unable to admit oral intake managed in an outpatient setting. Our objective was to evaluate the bioavailability of s.c. granisetron. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Patients receiving platinum-based chemotherapy were randomized to receive 3 mg of granisetron either s.c. or i.v. in a crossover manner during two cycles. Blood and urine samples were collected after each cycle. Pharmacokinetic parameters observed with each administration route were compared by analysis of variance. RESULTS: From May to November 2005, 31 patients were included and 25 were evaluable. Subcutaneous granisetron resulted in a 27% higher area under the concentration-time curve for 0-12 hours (AUC(0-12h)) and higher levels at 12 hours, with similar values for AUC(0-24h). The maximum concentration was lower with the s.c. than with the i.v. route and was observed 30 minutes following s.c. administration. CONCLUSION: Granisetron administered s.c. achieves complete bioavailability. This is the first study that shows that s.c. granisetron might be a valid alternative to i.v. delivery. Further trials to confirm clinical equivalence are warranted. This new route of administration might be especially relevant for outpatient management of emesis in cancer patients.
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    Hydrophobic gentamicin-loaded nanoparticles are effective against Brucella melitensis infection in mice
    (American Society for Microbiology, 2013) Campanero, M.A. (Miguel Angel); Veciana, J. (Jaume); Elizondo, E. (Elisa); Blanco-Prieto, M.J. (María José); Gamazo, C. (Carlos); Gil, A.G. (Ana Gloria); Imbuluzqueta, E. (Edurne); Salas, D. (David); Ventosa, N. (Nora); Lana, H. (Hugo)
    The clinical management of human brucellosis is still challenging and demands in vitro active antibiotics capable of targeting the pathogen-harboring intracellular compartments. A sustained release of the antibiotic at the site of infection would make it possible to reduce the number of required doses and thus the treatment-associated toxicity. In this study, a hydrophobically modified gentamicin, gentamicin-AOT [AOT is bis(2-ethylhexyl) sulfosuccinate sodium salt], was either microstructured or encapsulated in poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) nanoparticles. The efficacy of the formulations developed was studied both in vitro and in vivo. Gentamicin formulations reduced Brucella infection in experimentally infected THP-1 monocytes (>2-log10 unit reduction) when using clinically relevant concentrations (18 mg/liter). Moreover, in vivo studies demonstrated that gentamicin-AOT-loaded nanoparticles efficiently targeted the drug both to the liver and the spleen and maintained an antibiotic therapeutic concentration for up to 4 days in both organs. This resulted in an improved efficacy of the antibiotic in experimentally infected mice. Thus, while 14 doses of free gentamicin did not alter the course of the infection, only 4 doses of gentamicin-AOT-loaded nanoparticles reduced the splenic infection by 3.23 logs and eliminated it from 50% of the infected mice with no evidence of adverse toxic effects. These results strongly suggest that PLGA nanoparticles containing chemically modified hydrophobic gentamicin may be a promising alternative for the treatment of human brucellosis.
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    Complete inhibition of extranodal dissemination of lymphoma by edelfosine-loaded lipid nanoparticles
    (Future Medicine, 2012) Campanero, M.A. (Miguel Angel); Mollinedo, F. (Faustino); Blanco-Prieto, M.J. (María José); Estella-Hermoso-de-Mendoza, A. (Ander); Iglesia-Vicente, J. (Janis) de la; Lana, H. (Hugo); Villa-Pulgarin, J.A. (Janny A.)
    Lipid nanoparticles (LN) made of synthetic lipids Compritol® 888 ATO and Precirol® ATO 5 were developed, presenting an average size of 110.4 ± 2.1 nm and 103.1 ± 2.9 nm, for Compritol® and Precirol®, respectively, and encapsulation efficiency above 85 % for both type of lipids. These LN decrease the hemolytic toxicity of the drug by 90 %. Pharmacokinetic and biodistribution profiles of the drug were studied after intravenous and oral administration of edelfosine-containing LN, providing an increase in relative oral bioavailability of 1500 % after a single oral administration of drug-loaded LN, maintaining edelfosine plasma levels over 7 days in contrast to a single oral administration of edelfosine solution, which presents a relative oral bioavailability of 10 %. Moreover, edelfosine-loaded LN showed a high accumulation of the drug in lymph nodes and resulted in slower tumor growth than the free drug in a murine lymphoma xenograft model, as well as potent extranodal dissemination inhibition.
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    Randomized pharmacokinetic study comparing subcutaneous and intravenous palonosetron in cancer patients treated with platinum based chemotherapy
    (Public Library of Science, 2014) Campanero, M.A. (Miguel Angel); Gomez-Guiu, A. (Almudena); Perez-Gracia, J.L. (Jose Luis); Martin-Algarra, S. (Salvador); Blanco-Prieto, M.J. (María José); Barrio, A. (Anabel) del; Lopez-Picazo, J.M. (José M.); Gurpide, A. (Alfonso); Guillen-Grima, F. (Francisco); Sadaba, B. (Belén); Azanza, J.R. (José Ramón)
    BACKGROUND: Palonosetron is a potent second generation 5- hydroxytryptamine-3 selective antagonist which can be administered by either intravenous (IV) or oral routes, but subcutaneous (SC) administration of palonosetron has never been studied, even though it could have useful clinical applications. In this study, we evaluate the bioavailability of SC palonosetron. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Patients treated with platinum-based chemotherapy were randomized to receive SC or IV palonosetron, followed by the alternative route in a crossover manner, during the first two cycles of chemotherapy. Blood samples were collected at baseline and 10, 15, 30, 45, 60, 90 minutes and 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 12 and 24 h after palonosetron administration. Urine was collected during 12 hours following palonosetron. We compared pharmacokinetic parameters including AUC0-24h, t1/2, and Cmax observed with each route of administration by analysis of variance (ANOVA). RESULTS: From October 2009 to July 2010, 25 evaluable patients were included. AUC0-24h for IV and SC palonosetron were respectively 14.1 and 12.7 ng × h/ml (p = 0.160). Bioavalability of SC palonosetron was 118% (95% IC: 69-168). Cmax was lower with SC than with IV route and was reached 15 minutes following SC administration. CONCLUSIONS: Palonosetron bioavailability was similar when administered by either SC or IV route. This new route of administration might be specially useful for outpatient management of emesis and for administration of oral chemotherapy.
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    Development and validation of a liquid chromatographic method for in vitro mupirocin quantification in both skin layers and percutaneous penetration studies.
    (Elsevier, 2003-11) Echevarría, L. (Lydia); Campanero, M.A. (Miguel Angel); Blanco-Prieto, M.J. (María José); Santoyo, S. (Susana)
    A simple, rapid, and sensitive reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) method for the measurement of mupirocin concentrations in both skin layers and percutaneous samples has been developed. Mupirocin was extracted from skin layers using PBS–acetonitrile (90:10, v/v). The method is sufficiently sensitive and repeatable to be used in percutaneous penetration studies. The samples were chromatographed on a View the MathML source mm C8 LiChrospher Select B (5 μm). The mobile phase composition was a mixture of acetonitrile–ammonium acetate 0.05 M (27.5:72.5, v/v) adjusted to pH 6.3 with acetic acid. The analyte was detected at 228 nm and the run time was 11 min. Linearity was confirmed in the concentration range 0.2–20 μg/ml and the limit of detection was 9.5 ng/ml.
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    Quantitative determination of the antitumor alkyl ether phospholipid edelfosine by reversed-phase liquid chromatography-electrospray mass spectrometry: application to cell uptake studies and characterization of drug delivery systems.
    (Elsevier, 2004-10) Campanero, M.A. (Miguel Angel); Mollinedo, F. (Faustino); Blanco-Prieto, M.J. (María José)
    Edelfosine is a synthetic alkyl ether phospholipid that represents a promising class of antitumor agents. However, analytical methods to measure these type compounds are scarce. The lack of a reliable methodology to quantify edelfosine is a major problem in ongoing and scheduled preclinical and clinical trials with this drug. We evaluated the applicability of high-performance liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry to determine edelfosine in biological samples and polymeric delivery systems. Sample pre-treatment involved polymer precipitation or cell lysis with methanol. HPLC separation was performed on an Alltima RPC18 narrow-bore column and edelfosine quantification was done by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) using positive ion mode and selected ion monitoring. Assays were linear in the tested range of 0.3–10 μg/ml. The limit of quantification was 0.3 ng/sample in both matrices, namely biological samples and polymeric delivery systems. The interassay precision ranging from 0.79 to 1.49%, with relative errors of −6.7 and 12.8%. Mean extraction recovery was 95.6%. HPLC–ESI-MS is a reliable system for edelfosine analysis and quantification in samples from different sources, combining advantages of full automation (rapidity, ease of use, no need of extensive extraction procedures) with high analytical performance and throughput.
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    A simple and robust high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to a diode-array detector method for the analysis of genistein in mouse tissues
    (Elsevier, 2013) Campanero, M.A. (Miguel Angel); Tamames-Tabar, C. (Cristina); Blanco-Prieto, M.J. (María José); Horcajada, P. (Patricia); Imbuluzqueta, E. (Edurne)
    A simple liquid-liquid extraction procedure and quantification by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method coupled to a diode-array detector (DAD) of genistein (GEN) was developed in various mouse biological matrices. 7-ethoxycoumarin was used as internal standard (IS) and peaks were optimally separated using a Kinetex C18 column (2.6 µm, 150 mm X 2.10 mm I.D.) at 40 ºC with an isocratic elution of mobile phase with sodium dihydrogen phosphate 0.01M in water at pH 2.5 and methanol (55:45, v/v), at a flow rate of 0.25 mL/min. The injection volume was 10 µL. In all cases, the range of GEN recovery was higher than 61%. The low limit of quantification (LLOQ) was 25 ng/mL. The linearity of the calibration curves was satisfactory in all cases as shown by correlation coefficients >0.996. The within-day and between-day precisions were <15% and the accuracy ranged in all cases between 90.14 and 106.05%. This method was successfully applied to quantify GEN in liver, spleen, kidney and plasma after intravenous administration of a single dose (30 mg/Kg) in female BALB/C mice.
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    Importance of single or blended polymer types for controlled in vitro release and plasma levels of a somatostatin analogue entrapped in PLA/PLGA microspheres.
    (Elsevier, 2004-05) Gander, B. (Bruno); Campanero, M.A. (Miguel Angel); Blanco-Prieto, M.J. (María José); Heimgartner, F. (Fréderic); Besseghir, K. (Kamel)
    The aim of the work was to develop biodegradable microspheres for controlled delivery of the somatostatin analogue vapreotide and maintenance of sustained plasma levels over 2–4 weeks after a single injection in rats. Vapreotide was microencapsulated into end-group capped and uncapped low molecular weight poly(lactide) (PLA) and poly(lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA) by spray-drying and coacervation. Microspheres were prepared from single and blended (1:1) polymer types. The microparticles were characterized for peptide loading, in vitro release and pharmocokinetics in rats. Spray-drying and coacervation produced microspheres in the size range of 1–15 and 10–70 μm, respectively, and with encapsulation efficiencies varying between 46% and 87%. In vitro release of vapreotide followed a regular pattern and lasted more than 4 weeks, time at which 40–80% of the total dose were released. Microspheres made of 14-kDa end-group uncapped PLGA50:50 or 1:1 blends of this polymer with 35 kDa end-group uncapped PLGA50:50 gave the best release profiles and yielded the most sustained plasma levels above a pre-defined 1 ng/ml over approximately 14 days. In vitro/in vivo correlation analyses showed for several microsphere formulations a linear correlation between the mean residence time in vivo and the mean dissolution time (r=0.958) and also between the amount released between 6 h and 14 days and the AUC6h–14d (r=0.932). For several other parameters or time periods, no in vitro/in vivo correlation was found. This study demonstrates that controlled release of the vapreotide is possible in vivo for a duration of a least 2 weeks when administered i.m. to rats. These results constitute a step forward towards a twice-a-month or once-a-month microsphere-formulation for the treatment of acromegaly and neuroendocrine tumors.