Martínez, J. A. (J. Alfredo)
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- Low birth weight and being small for gestational age are associated with insulin resistance and higher risk of type 2 diabetes in childhood and adolescence: systematic review and meta-analysis.(Wiley, 2022) Martín-Calvo, N. (Nerea); Goñi, L. (Leticia); Tur, J.A. (Josep A.); Martínez, J. A. (J. Alfredo)In recent decades, the incidence of type 2 diabetes (T2D) has increased dramatically in children and adolescents, posing a real public health problem. Beyond unhealthy diets and sedentary lifestyles, growing evidence suggests that some perinatal factors, such as low birth weight (LBW), are associated with higher risk of T2D in adulthood. In this regard, it remains unclear whether the increased risk is already present in childhood and adolescence. We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to clarify the association of LBW or being small for gestational age (SGA) with insulin resistance in childhood and adolescence. The systematic review resulted in 28 individual studies, and those with the same outcome were included within two random-effects meta-analyses. Compared with children or adolescents born with adequate size for gestational age, those SGA had 2.33-fold higher risk of T2D (95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.05-5.17). Furthermore, LBW and being SGA were associated with 0.20 higher mean homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) values (95% CI: 0.02-0.38). Given the high prevalence of preterm babies, from a population perspective, these results may be of great importance as they point to the existence of a potentially vulnerable subgroup of children and adolescents that could benefit from screening tests and early preventive strategies.
- Acute and two-week effects of neotame, stevia rebaudioside M and sucrose-sweetened biscuits on postprandial appetite and endocrine response in adults with overweight/obesity—a randomised crossover trial from the SWEET consortium(Elsevier, 2024) Wilton, M. (Moon); Gibbons, C. (Catherine); O'Hara, B. (Beverly); Scott, C. (Corey); Almiron-Roig, E. (Eva); Finlayson, G. (Graham); Harrold, J.A. (Joanne A.); Kjølbæk, L. (Louise); Le Bail, A. (Alain); Martínez, J. A. (J. Alfredo); Halford, J.C.G. (Jason C. G.); Raben, A. (Anne); Beaulieu, K. (Kristine); Rannou, C. (Cécile); Nazare, J.A. (Julie-Anne); Hardman, C.H. (Charlotte A.); Navas-Carretero, S. (Santiago); O'Connor, D. (Dominic); Moshoyiannis, H. (Hariklia)Background: Sweeteners and sweetness enhancers (S&SE) are used to replace energy yielding sugars and maintain sweet taste in a wide range of products, but controversy exists about their effects on appetite and endocrine responses in reduced or no added sugar solid foods. The aim of the current study was to evaluate the acute (1 day) and repeated (two-week daily) ingestive effects of 2 S&SE vs. sucrose formulations of biscuit with fruit filling on appetite and endocrine responses in adults with overweight and obesity. Methods: In a randomised crossover trial, 53 healthy adults (33 female, 20 male) with overweight/obesity in England and France consumed biscuits with fruit filling containing 1) sucrose, or reformulated with either 2) Stevia Rebaudioside M (StRebM) or 3) Neotame daily during three, two-week intervention periods with a two-week washout. The primary outcome was composite appetite score defined as [desire to eat + hunger + (100 − fullness) + prospective consumption]/4. Findings: Each formulation elicited a similar reduction in appetite sensations (3-h postprandial net iAUC). Postprandial insulin (2-h iAUC) was lower after Neotame (95% CI (0.093, 0.166); p < 0.001; d = −0.71) and StRebM (95% CI (0.133, 0.205); p < 0.001; d = −1.01) compared to sucrose, and glucose was lower after StRebM (95% CI (0.023, 0.171); p < 0.05; d = −0.39) but not after Neotame (95% CI (−0.007, 0.145); p = 0.074; d = −0.25) compared to sucrose. There were no differences between S&SE or sucrose formulations on ghrelin, glucagon-like peptide 1 or pancreatic polypeptide iAUCs. No clinically meaningful differences between acute vs. two-weeks of daily consumption were found. Interpretation: In conclusion, biscuits reformulated to replace sugar using StRebM or Neotame showed no differences in appetite or endocrine responses, acutely or after a two-week exposure, but can reduce postprandial insulin and glucose response in adults with overweight or obesity. Funding: The present study was funded by the Horizon 2020 program: Sweeteners and sweetness enhancers: impact on health, obesity, safety and sustainability (acronym: SWEET, grant no: 774293).
- Cambios alimentarios y de estilo de vida como estrategia en la prevención del síndrome metabólico y la diabetes mellitus tipo 2: hitos y perspectivas(2016) San-Cristobal, R. (Rodrigo); Martinez-de-Morentin, B.E. (B.E.); Martínez, J. A. (J. Alfredo); Hernandez-Ruiz-de-Eguilaz, M. (María); Perez-Diez, S. (Salomé); Batlle, M.A. (M.A.); Navas-Carretero, S. (Santiago)El elevado aporte calórico de la alimentación actual y el sedentarismo, son los principales causantes del notable incremento de la obesidad en nuestra sociedad. A su vez, esto conlleva un aumento de las patologías asociadas a ella, como pueden ser el síndrome metabólico y la diabetes tipo 2. En el presente trabajo, han sido revisados los estudios y programas más recientes y significativos en cuanto a su tamaño muestral y a su diversidad geográfica, poniendo de manifiesto que los cambios en la alimentación y en los estilos de vida, son un instrumento efectivo para combatir o retrasar la aparición de estas enfermedades. En este sentido, la prevención también es clave para evitar las graves consecuencias, relacionadas con la diabetes y el síndrome metabólico, que pueden afectar a la calidad de vida de la población.