Schulze, M.B. (Matthias B.)

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    Associations between exploratory dietary patterns and incident type 2 diabetes: a federated meta-analysis of individual participant data from 25 cohort studies
    (2022) Maskarinec, G. (Gertraud); Martinez-Gonzalez, M.A. (Miguel Ángel); Schulze, M.B. (Matthias B.); Wolk, A. (Alicja); Bishop, T.R.P. (Tom R. P.); Kivimaki, M. (Mika); Kim, M.K. (Mi Kyung); Poustchi, H. (Hossein); Kim, J. (Jihye); Malekzadeh, R. (Reza); Byberg, L. (Liisa); Bes-Rastrollo, M. (Maira); Akbaraly, T. (Tasnime); Alvim-de-Matos, S.M. (Sheila M.); O'Donoghue, G. (Gráinne); Luft, V.C. (Vivian C.); Dietrich, S. (Stefan); Shaw, J.E. (Jonathan E.); Stern, D. (Dalia); Jannasch, F. (Franziska); Forouhi, N.G. (Nita G.); Soedamah-Muthu, S.S. (Sabita S.); Marques-Vidal, P. (Pedro); Fanidi, A. (Anouar); Kim, Y. (Yeonjung); Hashemian, M. (Maryam); Le-Marchand, L. (Loic); Wareham, N.J. (Nicholas J.); O'Gorman, D. (Donal); Pearce, M. (Matthew); Magliano, D.J. (Dianna J.); Vollenweider, P. (Peter); Lajous, M. (Martin)
    Purpose In several studies, exploratory dietary patterns (DP), derived by principal component analysis, were inversely or positively associated with incident type 2 diabetes (T2D). However, findings remained study-specific, inconsistent and rarely replicated. This study aimed to investigate the associations between DPs and T2D in multiple cohorts across the world. Methods This federated meta-analysis of individual participant data was based on 25 prospective cohort studies from 5 continents including a total of 390,664 participants with a follow-up for T2D (3.8-25.0 years). After data harmonization across cohorts we evaluated 15 previously identified T2D-related DPs for association with incident T2D estimating pooled incidence rate ratios (IRR) and confidence intervals (CI) by Piecewise Poisson regression and random-effects meta-analysis. Results 29,386 participants developed T2D during follow-up. Five DPs, characterized by higher intake of red meat, processed meat, French fries and refined grains, were associated with higher incidence of T2D. The strongest association was observed for a DP comprising these food groups besides others (IRRpooled per 1 SD = 1.104, 95% CI 1.059-1.151). Although heterogeneity was present (I-2 = 85%), IRR exceeded 1 in 18 of the 20 meta-analyzed studies. Original DPs associated with lower T2D risk were not confirmed. Instead, a healthy DP (HDP1) was associated with higher T2D risk (IRRpooled per 1 SD = 1.057, 95% CI 1.027-1.088). Conclusion Our findings from various cohorts revealed positive associations for several DPs, characterized by higher intake of red meat, processed meat, French fries and refined grains, adding to the evidence-base that links DPs to higher T2D risk. However, no inverse DP-T2D associations were confirmed.
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    Food based dietary patterns and chronic disease prevention
    (BMJ Publishing Group, 2018) Martinez-Gonzalez, M.A. (Miguel Ángel); Schulze, M.B. (Matthias B.); Lichtenstein, A.H. (Alice H.); Forouhi, N.G. (Nita G.); Fung, T.T. (Teresa T.)
    Matthias B Schulze and colleagues discuss current knowledge on the associations between dietary patterns and cancer, coronary heart disease, stroke, and type 2 diabetes, focusing on areas of uncertainty and future research directions
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    Financial conflicts of interest and reporting bias regarding the association between sugar-sweetened beverages and weight gain: a systematic review of systematic reviews
    (Public Library of Science, 2013) Martinez-Gonzalez, M.A. (Miguel Ángel); Schulze, M.B. (Matthias B.); Bes-Rastrollo, M. (Maira); Ruiz-Canela, M. (Miguel)
    Background: Industry sponsors’ financial interests might bias the conclusions of scientific research. We examined whether financial industry funding or the disclosure of potential conflicts of interest influenced the results of published systematic reviews (SRs) conducted in the field of sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs) and weight gain or obesity. Methods and Findings: We conducted a search of the PubMed, Cochrane Library, and Scopus databases to identify published SRs from the inception of the databases to August 31, 2013, on the association between SSB consumption and weight gain or obesity. SR conclusions were independently classified by two researchers into two groups: those that found a positive association and those that did not. These two reviewers were blinded with respect to the stated source of funding and the disclosure of conflicts of interest. We identified 17 SRs (with 18 conclusions). In six of the SRs a financial conflict of interest with some food industry was disclosed. Among those reviews without any reported conflict of interest, 83.3% of the conclusions (10/12) were that SSB consumption could be a potential risk factor for weight gain. In contrast, the same percentage of conclusions, 83.3% (5/6), of those SRs disclosing some financial conflict of interest with the food industry were that the scientific evidence was insufficient to support a positive association between SSB consumption and weight gain or obesity. Those reviews with conflicts of interest were five times more likely to present a conclusion of no positive association than those without them (relative risk: 5.0, 95% CI: 1.3–19.3). An important limitation of this study is the impossibility of ruling out the existence of publication bias among those studies not declaring any conflict of interest. However, the best large randomized trials also support a direct association between SSB consumption and weight gain or obesity. Conclusions: Financial conflicts of interest may bias conclusions from SRs on SSB consumption and weight gain or obesity.