Llorens, C. (Carles)
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- TMEM173 alternative spliced isoforms modulate viral replication through STING pathway(American Association of Immunologists, 2018) Rodríguez-García, E. (Estefanía); Ferrero, R. (Roberto); González-Aseguinolaza, G. (Gloria); Ríus-Rocabert, S. (Sergio); Olagüe, C. (Cristina); Larrea, E. (Esther); Nistal-Villan, E. (Estanislao); Prieto, J. (Jesús); Fortes, P. (Puri); Llorens, C. (Carles)The innate immune system provides a primary line of defense against pathogens. Stimulator of IFN genes (STING), encoded by the TMEM173 gene, is a critical protein involved in IFN-b induction in response to infection by different pathogens. In this study, we describe the expression of three different alternative-spliced human (h) TMEM173 mRNAs producing STING truncated isoforms 1, 2, and 3 in addition to the full-length wild-type (wt) hSTING. All of the truncated isoforms lack exon 7 and share the N-terminal transmembrane region with wt hSTING. Overexpression of the three STING truncated isoforms failed to induce IFN-b, and they acted as selective pathway inhibitors of wt hSTING even in combination with upstream inducer cyclic-di-GMP-AMP synthase. Truncated isoforms alter the stability of wt hSTING, reducing protein t1/2 to some extent by the induction of proteasome-dependent degradation. Knocking down expression of truncated isoforms increased production of IFN-b by THP1 monocytes in response to intracellular cytosolic DNA or HSV-1 infection. At early stages of infection, viruses like HSV-1 or vesicular stomatitis virus reduced the ratio of full-length wt hSTING/truncated STING isoforms, suggesting the skewing of alternative splicing of STING toward truncated forms as a tactic to evade antiviral responses. Finally, in silico analysis revealed that the human intron–exon gene architecture of TMEM173 (splice sites included) is preserved in other mammal species, predominantly primates, stressing the relevance of alternative splicing in regulating STING antiviral biology.
- The impact of new European policies on the regulation of Spanish public service media: a decisive influence?(Servicio de Publicaciones de la Universidad de Navarra, 2023) Muñoz-Saldaña, M. (Mercedes); Llorens, C. (Carles)This study analyses the extent to which European legislation and, in particular, the latest regulatory initiatives for audiovisual media and for digital markets and services affect the regulation of public service media (PSM) in Spain. A three-fold analysis is performed using a document review methodology. Firstly, the influence of European competition policies on the origin, development and adaptation of PSM to the digital market is studied. Secondly, the transposition into Spanish law of the 2018 Audiovisual Media Services Directive (EU, 2018) is evaluated. Third and lastly, the impact of the draft European Acts referring to digital platforms on PSM in Spain and the European Union (European Commission, 2020a; 2020b) is analysed, as is that of the European Media Freedom Act (European Commission, 2022). The concept of Europeanisation (Harcourt, 2002) is taken as the basis for the assessment of such impact. The conclusions show that while the European regulatory umbrella is a necessary and influential framework, it is insufficient when it comes to understanding the regulatory and political development of PSM in Spain. The path dependence and circumstances of each country are crucial to understanding the why and how of specific regulation. There is European convergence on economic and competition policy protection issues, but not on political and cultural issues, such as the definition of PSM governance or structure, where the European Union’s influence is much weaker.
- Audience participation as added value for public service proximity television. The case study of ETB 2’s La noche de…”(Universidad de La Laguna, 2015-07) López, N. (Nereida); Azurmendi, A. (Ana); Bas, J.J. (Juan José); Llorens, C. (Carles)While the model of public service television that focuses on audiences has been traditionally criticised for being more akin to the commercial television model than to the public service broadcasting model, contemporary literature points out that in the age of digitisation and convergence audience participation is precisely a key element of public television (Castro, 2012; Doyle, 2010; Kjus, 2009; Bardoel, 2007). This article examines audience participation in Spanish regional public service television and, particularly, tries to determine two questions: 1) whether the variety of participation channels provided by crossmedia productions –a TV show’s website, discussion forums and Twitter and Facebook accounts– increases effective audience participation; and 2) whether this participation can be said to contribute to the fulfilment of the mission of public service television, especially proximity television. Method. The study first provides a review of the literature on audience participation and the forms of participation promoted by European, national and regional policies. The TV show La noche de…, broadcast by the Spanish network ETB 2, is subsequently analysed based on the results of the literature review. Results: The increasing attention paid to audience participation in the European and Spanish literature and legislations is not proportionally reflected on the reality of public service television, and particularly of regional public service television corporations.
- Communication Policies and the Protection of Pluralism in the European Union and the United States(Servicio de Publicaciones de la Universidad de Navarra, 2012) Suárez-Candel, R. (Roberto); Segovia, A.I. (Ana I.); Bas, J.J. (Juan José); Almirón, N. (Núria); Grau, H.P. (Helena P.); Llorens, C. (Carles)This article describes and analyses the regulatory frameworks and the current pluralism protection policies in the United States and several countries of the European Union (Germany, France, the United Kingdom, the Netherlands, Italy and Spain). The data obtained allowed a qualitative assessment to be carried out, through a comparative analysis, in order to identify certain similarities and some significant differences. Thus, it was found that pluralism protection is a common denominator in the communication policies of these countries. However, regulatory and legislative differences depend on social, geographical and media contexts, and time variations in the application of policies depend on audiovisual media market liberalisation processes.
- Implementation of innovation strategy: the case of CCRTV interactive(Media XXI, 2011) Medina, M. (Mercedes); Herrero-Subías, M. (Mónica); Llorens, C. (Carles); Miralles, S. (Santiago)Along this paper we study how a small and regional public television channel has used public funding to improve its service and to enlarge its scope to new technologies. The case we have selected is CCRTV Interactiva (CCRTV Interactive), a sister company of the Corporaci6 Catalana de Mitjans Audiovisuals (Catalan Audiovisual Media Corporation), a public regional corporation depending on the Catalonian Government. After reviewing the legal and market framework, we analyse the strategy of the corporation, its services and its results. A reasonable funding, a good coordination between old and new media and between creative and technological personnel, an effective leadership and the creation of a separated company seems to be key factors to understand the success of CCRTV Interactiva on new media markets.
- La participación del público como valor añadido de servicio público para la televisión de proximidad. Estudio de caso de La noche de…, en ETB 2(Universidad de La Laguna, 2015) López, N. (Nereida); Azurmendi, A. (Ana); Bas, J.J. (Juan José); Llorens, C. (Carles)Introducción. Objeto: Frente a la crítica tradicional que señala a la televisión pública centrada en las audiencias como una televisión más cercana a los modelos comerciales que al servicio público, la literatura contemporánea sitúa, precisamente, en la participación de las audiencias una de las claves de la televisión pública en la era de la digitalización y la convergencia (Castro 2012; Doyle 2010; Kjus 2009; Bardoel 2007). El artículo se centra en el estudio de la participación en las televisiones públicas autonómicas, en particular en dos cuestiones: 1. Si la variedad de cauces de participación existentes en las producciones crossmedia –programa de televisión que cuenta con web propia, foros de expresión de opinión y cuentas sociales en Twitter y Facebook– aumentan la participación efectiva de las audiencias; y 2. Si esta participación puede encuadrarse en el cumplimiento de las obligaciones de servicio público de televisión, especialmente, de las de proximidad. Metodología: Se parte de un análisis descriptivo de la literatura sobre participación de las audiencias y de las formas de participación promovidas por las políticas europeas, estatales y autonómicas. A partir de los resultados obtenidos, se estudia el caso de “la noche de…” un programa de ETB 2. Resultados: Se comprueba que la atención creciente a la participación del público, tanto en la literatura europea y española como en la regulación existente, no tiene un reflejo proporcional en la realidad de la gestión de las televisiones públicas, en particular en las televisiones públicas autonómicas.