Erviti, M.C. (Mª Carmen)

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    Pro-science, anti-science and neutral science in online videos on climate change, vaccines and nanotechnology
    (Cogitatio, 2020) León-Anguiano, B. (Bienvenido); Codina, M. (Mónica); Erviti, M.C. (Mª Carmen)
    Online video has become a relevant tool to disseminate scientific information to the public. However, in this arena, science coexists with non-scientific or pseudoscientific beliefs that can influence people’s knowledge, attitudes, and behavior. Our research sets out to find empirical evidence of the representation of pro-science, anti-science and neutral stances in online videos. From a search on Google videos, we conducted content analysis of a sample of videos about climate change, vaccines and nanotechnology (n = 826). Results indicate that a search through Google videos provides a relatively small representation of videos with an anti-science stance, which can be regarded as positive, given the high potential influence of this search engine in spreading scientific information among the public. Our research also provides empirical evidence of the fact that an anti-science stance is more frequent in user-generated content than in videos disseminated by other types of producers.
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    Mentiras contagiosas. Guía para esquivar la desinformación en salud
    (2022-03) Lopez-Goñi, I. (Ignacio); León-Anguiano, B. (Bienvenido); Martínez-Costa-Pérez, M.P. (María del Pilar); Erviti, M.C. (Mª Carmen); Salaverría-Aliaga, R. (Ramón)
    Internet y las redes sociales han democratizado la comunicación de contenidos sobre salud y han multiplicado la difusión pública de informaciones relacionadas con ese tema. Muchas de las informaciones sanitarias proceden de fuentes acreditadas y son plenamente solventes, lo que permite a la ciudadanía acceder fácilmente a información de calidad que promueve comportamientos responsables. Sin embargo, al mismo tiempo, en las redes circulan cada vez más contenidos sobre salud de procedencia desconocida y fiabilidad dudosa. Buena parte de esos mensajes son, de hecho, intencionadamente engañosos. Las redes, en definitiva, son una moneda de dos caras: dan acceso a contenidos sanitarios de calidad, pero exponen asimismo a la ciudadanía a diversos riesgos. Esta guía pretende desarrollar y divulgar pautas que sirvan para contrarrestar el fenómeno de la desinformación en materia de salud.
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    Desinformación en tiempos de pandemia: tipología de los bulos sobre la Covid-19
    (Ediciones Profesionales de la Información, SL, 2020-05) Lopez-Goñi, I. (Ignacio); León-Anguiano, B. (Bienvenido); Buslón-Valdéz, N. (Nataly); López-Pan, F. (Fernando); Erviti, M.C. (Mª Carmen); Salaverría-Aliaga, R. (Ramón)
    Se presenta un análisis de contenido de todos los bulos (N=292) relacionados con la pandemia Covid-19 identificados por las tres plataformas de verificación acreditadas en España, durante el primer mes del estado de alarma decretado por el Gobierno (14 marzo 2020 – 13 abril 2020). El estudio muestra que los bulos sobre el coronavirus fueron diseminados principalmente en las redes sociales y, entre ellas, sobre todo en las cerradas, como la aplicación móvil de mensajería WhatsApp. También detecta las particularidades formales y de contenido más frecuentes de los contenidos falsificados. Los resultados revelan que la pandemia, además de generar un gran número de bulos sobre salud y ciencia, casi un tercio de la muestra, también propició la difusión de numerosos contenidos falsos de tema político y gubernamental. El artículo explora los formatos, fuentes y territorios de procedencia de los bulos. Más allá de sus resultados empíricos, este estudio realiza contribuciones teóricas en el marco de los emergentes estudios sobre desórdenes informativos. En concreto, aporta una definición propia de bulo, así como una tipología en la que se identifican cuatro tipos de bulos: broma, exageración, descontextualización y engaño. A partir de esos cuatro tipos, se propone un ‘diagrama de gravedad de los bulos’.
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    Del "cambio climático" a la "emergencia climática". Análisis de El País y El Mundo
    (2020) Erviti, M.C. (Mª Carmen)
    Tras la publicación del informe del Panel Intergubernamental para el Cambio Climático (IPCC, por sus siglas en inglés) de 2018, las expresiones ¿crisis climática¿ y ¿emergencia climática¿ avalan un nuevo discurso sobre el clima, también en los medios de comunicación. En este artículo se presenta una revisión bibliográfica sobre la evolución de las diferentes expresiones utilizadas en el discurso público en relación problema del clima y se estudia empíricamente, mediante un análisis cuantitativo, su empleo en los diarios españoles de mayor difusión: El País y El Mundo (n=1247). Las expresiones "crisis climática" y "emergencia climática", casi inexistentes durante la cumbre de París de 2015 (1,2%), destacan en la cumbre del clima de 2019, celebrada en Madrid (20,8%). Sin embargo, "cambio climático" continúa siendo el término más empleado en los periódicos de la muestra (53%). Se concluye que el nuevo discurso de la "emergencia climática" ha entrado con fuerza en la agenda mediática española, si bien es cierto que todavía es un discurso emergente que debe ir consolidándose.
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    Portrayal of scientific controversy on climate change. A study of the coverage of the Copenhagen summit in the Spanish press
    (Observatorio OBS, 2011) León-Anguiano, B. (Bienvenido); Erviti, M.C. (Mª Carmen)
    Controversy has been a relevant element in the coverage of climate change. Several studies emphasize the influence of economic, political, and journalistic factors in the portrayal of controversies on this topic, along the last few decades. Very often this was related to the lobbying action of several political and economic interest groups and resulted in the portrayal of a distorted image of the scientific knowledge on this topic. This paper presents some results of a research project on information about climate change in the Spanish media (*). It analyzes the role of controversy in the current situation of strong scientific consensus on the existence and origin of climate change, through some content analysis of the coverage of the Copenhagen summit on climate change, in December 2009, in the two leading Spanish newspapers (El País and El Mundo). Results indicate that controversy still plays a relevant role in the coverage of this topic, and it is related to the editorial line of each newspaper. When controversy receives ample attention, it is portrayed mainly by means of opinion articles and it is linked to a restrictive presence of the scientific point of view. Balance is used as a legitimization tool, when it is useful to support the editorial line.
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    Online science videos: an exploratory study with major professional content providers in the United Kingdom
    (2016) Stengler, E. (Erik); Erviti, M.C. (Mª Carmen)
    We present an exploratory study of science communication via online video through various UK-based YouTube science content providers. We interviewed five people responsible for eight of the most viewed and subscribed professionally generated content channels. The study reveals that the immense potential of online video as a science communication tool is widely acknowledged, especially regarding the possibility of establishing a dialogue with the audience and of experimenting with different formats. It also shows that some online video channels fully exploit this potential whilst others focus on providing a supplementary platform for other kinds of science communication, such as print or TV.
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    Social engagement with climate change: principles for effective visual representation on social media
    (2022) León-Anguiano, B. (Bienvenido); Negredo-Bruna, S. (Samuel); Erviti, M.C. (Mª Carmen)
    Climate change communication on social media plays a prominent role in efforts undertaken by state agencies, NGOs, and international organizations, to make citizens aware of this phenomenon. The images used to communicate climate change are of great importance, since they can help to effectively raise citizen awareness. Building upon news values theory and the concept of availability heuristics, this research paper aims to identify principles that can be used for effective visual communication of climate change on social media on a cross-national scale, based upon analyses of characteristics of images that foster interaction on Twitter. We conducted a content analysis of a random selection of images (photographs, illustrations, and graphics, n = 380), posted on Twitter that were included in the so-called 'top tweets' about climate change. The results indicate that the types of images that are used on social media are relatively similar to those employed by conventional media, although images of identifiable people are less frequently shown on social media. We also deduced that four practical principles are especially relevant to foster user interaction on Twitter through images: (i) show 'real people' (i.e. non-staged images of people that transmit real emotions), (ii) tell a story, (iii) include a local connection, and (iv) show impacts or actions by people who are directly affected. These practical principles are based on the more general principles of meaningfulness and personification, two foundations that can help to overcome some of the main barriers to citizens' perception of climate change as a relevant issue with serious consequences in their lives. Campaigns on social media that use imagery based on these practical and general principles can be effective in communicating the shared responsibility to address climate change. This can have a relevant impact on social perception, since it can encourage citizens to care about climate, which is regarded as necessary to increase participation in climate action. Key policy insights Social media can play a prominent role in campaigns to make citizens aware of climate change. Images can help to effectively raise citizen awareness of climate change. Four practical principles can be effective in increasing user interaction on social media with images about climate: show 'real' people, tell a story, include a local connection, and show people who are directly affected. Visual campaigns based on the more general principles of meaningfulness and personification can be effective in representing climate change as a relevant issue in citizens' lives. These practical and more general principles can have a relevant impact on the social perception of climate change and increase citizen participation in climate debate and action.
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    When science becomes controversial
    (Routledge, 2018) Azevedo-Moreira, J.M. (José María); Codina, M. (Mónica); Erviti, M.C. (Mª Carmen)
    Online video’s unique capacity to reach large audiences makes it a powerful tool to communicate science and technology to the general public. The outcome of the international research project "Videonline," this book provides a unique insight into the key elements of online science videos, such as narrative trends, production characteristics, and issues of scientific rigor. If offers various methodological approaches: a literature review, content analysis, and interviews and surveys of expert practitioners to provide information on how to maintain standards of rigour and technical quality in video production.
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    Communication strategies in the climate change debate on Facebook. Discourse on the Madrid Climate Summit (COP 25)
    (2022) De-Lara, A. (Alicia); León-Anguiano, B. (Bienvenido); Erviti, M.C. (Mª Carmen)
    Climate change (CC) has become a topic of great interest in traditional and social media, two valuable sources of information that contribute to discussion on current affairs. Facebook is the social network with the most users in the world and also promotes mobilization, which makes it a platform of great interest for the study of CC communication strategies. The aim of this study is to analyse the content of the messages on CC posted on Facebook by prominent users: the relevance of the topic in the posts as a whole, objectives pursued, type of discourse and the emotions associated with messages. After validating a selection of 10 accounts (Greta Thunberg, Donald Trump, Scott Morrison, Alexandria Ocasio- Cortez, Extinction Rebellion USA, Justin Trudeau, Bernie Sanders, United Nations, Extinction Rebellion UK and Jane Fonda), the methodology was based on content analysis applied to messages on CC (n = 599) posted on Facebook by the selected accounts between 1 November 2019 and 10 January 2020, the period covering the Madrid Climate Summit (COP 25, held in 2019). The results revealed different CC communication strategies. Regarding the presence of CC as a topic, we observed three different strategies: omission, simple mention and high presence. In terms of discourse, we noticed two different strategies: an emotional strategy that was more successful at generating interaction with others, and an analytical strategy that was generally more belligerent in its fight against CC.
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    Las imágenes del cambio climático en los informativos de Televisión. Análisis de seis televisiones españolas de cobertura nacional
    (2015) Erviti, M.C. (Mª Carmen); León-Anguiano, B. (Bienvenido)
    This thesis focuses on climate change coverage on television news programmes in Spain and analyzes the role of the images. Firstly, the complexity of the information relating to climate change is illustrated: the information is often controversial, with both a scientific and a political dimension. These dimensions are presented in a historical and geographical approach to the coverage of the topic. A variety of factors external and internal to the media (economic, political and journalistic) affect the amount of coverage and the framing of climate change over time. On the other hand, this study reflects the importance of television as a main source of information for most citizens. In this medium the news value of visual interest prevails and even relegates the emission of certain information not captured in pictures. The work focuses on the significance of images in the communication of climate change, for three reasons: the impact of the availability of images in the volume of coverage, the difficulty of showing what cannot be seen or experienced in everyday life, when we talk about a process that differs in time and whose cause, the concentration of greenhouse gases (GHG) in the atmosphere, cannot be filmed, and, finally, the potential impact on public perception of climate change as a result of the images used in the news. A content analysis is made of the information offered by the six Spanish channels of nation-wide coverage with the largest audience, including coding of the images, shot by shot. The results are interpreted with the support of semi-structured interviews with news producers, section heads and reporters from the television channels in the study. The main findings indicate that information on climate change is lacking, in part due to the difficulty of accessing images on the subject. The visualization is presented, above all, with images of the impact of climate, often far removed from Spanish viewers, as with the most repeated image: the melting of polar ice and glaciers. Likewise, there is a shortage of images that could increase public awareness about people¿s individual responsibility and make them aware of practices that cause pollution. Furthermore, graphic design resources and computer animations are underused. Finally, we see a symbolic function of the images to show the causes of climate change and future projections.