Sánchez-Moreno, J.M. (José Manuel)
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- An investigation into the effects of HIP after sintering of WC-ZrC-Co-Cr3C2 cemented carbides.(Elsevier, 2020) Lozada-Cabezas, L. (Lorena); Sánchez-Moreno, J.M. (José Manuel); Useldinger, R. (Ralph); López-Ezquerra, B.(Belen); Alveen, P. (Patricia); Moseley, S. (Steven); Magin, M. (Michael); Soria-Biurrun, T. (Tomás)The sintering behaviour of cemented carbides based on WC-ZrC-Co-Cr3C2 powder mixtures have been analyzed by dilatometric and calorimetric methods for different cobalt contents and WC/ZrC ratios. As expected, powder oxide reduction in these compositions is mainly of carbothermic nature. However, depending on the milling conditions, some highly stable Zr-rich oxides are retained in the binder phase after sintering. Hot isostatic pressing (HIP) cycles have been successfully applied for closing residual porosity after vacuum sintering. For a fixed amount of binder phase and a WC/ZrC ratio, the hardness of these materials depends on the amount of residual porosity and WC grain growth control. The best combination of hardness and toughness is found for alloys with 8 wt%Co and WC/ZrC wt. ratios of 6.46. HIP treatments induce the formation of a compact and well adhered layer mainly comprised of Zr oxides and WC grains. The cobalt binder phase migrates from this layer towards the sample bulk likely due to the loss of wettability on these Zr rich oxides. Hot hardness is higher for the alloy with higher WC/ZrC ratio suggesting that this property depends on both the volume fraction of (ZrxW1-x)C and WC phases and their degree of contiguity.
- Digital image correlation after focused ion beam micro-slit drilling: A new technique for measuring residual stresses in hardmetal components at local scale(2023) Alkorta-Barragán, J. (Jon); Sánchez-Moreno, J.M. (José Manuel); Pan-Cabo, A. (Aldara); Castaño-Carmona, E. (Enrique); Navarrete-Cuadrado, J. (Jazmina); Dorronsoro-Larbide, A. (Aritz)A new method has been developed for measuring residual stresses at the surface of hardmetal components with higher spatial resolution than standard X-ray diffraction methods. It is based on measuring the surface dis-placements produced when stresses are partially released by machining a thin slit perpendicularly to the tested surface. Slit machining is carried out by focused ion beam (FIB). Measurement of the displacement fields around the FIB slit are performed by applying an advanced digital image correlation algorithm based on Fourier analysis with sub-pixel resolution. This method compares SEM images of the same area of the hardmetal surface before and after slitting. The method has been successfully applied to as-ground and femto-laser textured surfaces showing good correlation with the standard sin2 psi XRD technique. It is concluded that texturing induced by laser pulses in the femtoseconds regime is not perfectly adiabatic, since residual stresses are reduced by 15%.
- Effect of carbon content and cooling rate on the microstructure and hardness of TiC-Fe-Cr-Mo cermets(2024) Isasti-Gordobil, N. (Nerea); Lozada-Cabezas, L. (Lorena); Sánchez-Moreno, J.M. (José Manuel); Ibarreta-Lopez, F. (Federico); Martinez-Pampliega, R. (Roberto); Navarrete-Cuadrado, J. (Jazmina); Soria-Biurrun, T. (Tomás)TiC-FeCrMo cermets have been obtained in fully dense form by Sinter HIP at 1400 degrees C. Significant microstructural changes have been observed in these materials for relatively small variations in their carbon content after sintering. In the cermets with higher carbon content Cr-rich likely M7C3 carbides are observed to precipitate at the (Ti1-x,Mo-x)(y)C-z - metal interface. In addition, these cermets present a significant amount of retained austenite as part of the metal matrix. No retained austenite and many fewer M7C3 carbides are found in alloys with a reduction of 0.2 wt% in the total C content. Continuous cooling diagrams have been obtained from an austenitizing temperature of 950 degrees C. Hardness increases by 30% with respect to that of as sintered specimens after cooling at 1 degrees C/s confirming that these TiC-FeCrMo cermets are suitable for hardening by air-quenching. At this cooling rate, it is observed that the relatively small carbon changes mentioned before have a significant effect on the bainitic transformation, displacing its onset to higher temperatures as the C content is reduced. Slower cooling rates result in complex microstructures, in which, in addition to martensite, ferritic bainite, M7C3 and M23C6 carbides are also found. Microstructure and hardness of TiC-FeCrMo materials can be modified by the use of standard heat treatments to obtain a wide variety of mechanical properties suitable for certain hot rolling applications.
- Reactive sintering of WC-Ni-Co-Cr-Ti-Al cemented carbides and precipitation of gamma prime in their metallic binder phases(Elsevier, 2020) Lozada-Cabezas, L. (Lorena); Sánchez-Moreno, J.M. (José Manuel); López-Ezquerra, B.(Belen); Navarrete-Cuadrado, J. (Jazmina); Galech-Napal, U.(Unai); Soria-Biurrun, T. (Tomás)Cemented carbides processed from WC-Ni-Co-Cr3C2-TiAl3 powder mixtures by HIP after sintering present a homogeneous precipitation of gamma prime in their metallic binder phases. Other reaction products include alumina precipitates and (Ti-x,W1-x)C mixed carbides. The formation of these phases is consistent with the highly exothermic reactions detected by DSC during the heating ramp of the sintering cycle. The amount of alumina and gamma prime phases present in the sintered materials depends on the oxygen content of the powder mixtures. Refinement of gamma prime precipitates depends critically on the cooling rate after HIPing. Nanoindentation experiments have confirmed the presence of age hardening effects of samples which were previously solution treated. As expected, gamma prime precipitation is induced at lower temperatures in compositions with higher Al contents in the binder phase.
- Microstructure, mechanical properties and fracture behavior of NiCoCrTiAl and FeNiCoCr new alternative binders for WC based hardmetals(Elsevier, 2022) Lozada-Cabezas, L. (Lorena); Sánchez-Moreno, J.M. (José Manuel); Ibarreta-Lopez, F. (Federico); Martinez-Pampliega, R. (Roberto); Navarrete-Cuadrado, J. (Jazmina); Soria-Biurrun, T. (Tomás)Hardness and fracture strength of WC-Ni-Co-Cr-Ti-Al cemented carbides have been measured at room temperature in as-HIPed and solution-aged conditions. These treatments are applied to modify the size of gamma prime precipitates, which are intrinsically formed within the metallic binder of these ceramic-metal composites during the sintering process. Compositions containing approx. 28-29 vol% metal content exhibit hardness values in the range of those reported for similar grades of WC-Co hardmetals. Optimized aluminum additions lead to materials with fracture strength values only 15% lower than those reported for the same WC-Co commercial references. These results suggest gamma prime precipitation hardening as a potential strategy for improving the performance of WC-Co materials at high temperatures. Regarding Fe-Ni-Co-Cr alloys are potential candidates for partial substitution of Co content in WC-based hardmetals. It has been investigated WC coarse grade with 15 wt%(FeNiCoCr). The Cr content has been adjusted in order to avoid the precipitation of M7C3 carbides. Within the corresponding carbon windows, fracture strength values range from 2.8 GPa to 3.0 GPa. These values are within the range of standard WC-Co grades with similar binder contents and WC grain sizes.
- Effect of chromium and carbon contents on the sintering of WC-Fe-Ni-Co-Cr multicomponent alloys(Elsevier, 2020) Lozada-Cabezas, L. (Lorena); Sánchez-Moreno, J.M. (José Manuel); Ibarreta-Lopez, F. (Federico); Martinez-Pampliega, R. (Roberto); Soria-Biurrun, T. (Tomás)WC-Fe-Ni-Co-Cr cemented carbides have been obtained by liquid phase sintering from WC-Fe-Ni-Co-Cr3C2 powder mixtures. Taking the 40wt%Fe-40wt%Ni-20wt.%Co alloy as a reference, new binder phases has been prepared by introducing controlled amounts of Cr and C, via Cr3C2 and C black powders respectively. As described for WC-Co-Cr materials, Cr additions are observed to reduce the eutectic temperatures of the WC-Fe-Ni-Co system. First liquids detected on heating exhibit wide temperature melting ranges, which become narrower and are displaced to higher temperatures on repeated heating and cooling cycles. Apart from the decarburization associated to the carbothermal reduction of powder oxides, this phenomenon could be also associated to the homogeneization of the chemical composition of these multicomponent binder phases, which is faster as C content decreases. Correlation between experimental melting and solidification temperature ranges and those predicted by Thermocalc (R) is better as Cr content increases. Experimental C windows, defined in this work by the absence of free C or. phases, are located at C contents higher than those estimated by Thermocalc (R). Although the 40wt.%Fe-40wt.%Ni-20wt.%Co alloy is austenitc, BCC phases are partially stabilized at low C and high Cr contents. Although these compositions are free from. phases or free C, a precipitation of Cr-rich carbides is found at the WC-metal interface. These precipitates are not observed in the alloy with 0.75 wt% Cr (i.e. 5 wt% of the nominal metal content) and 5.39 wt%C. This C content is 0.17 wt% higher than that predicted for precipitation of M7C3.
- Experimental and theoretical study of WC-40Fe-20Co-40Ni(Elsevier, 2021) Sánchez-Moreno, J.M. (José Manuel); Frisk, K.(Karin); Soria-Biurrun, T. (Tomás)The liquid phase formation temperatures of the quinary system W-C-Co-Fe-Ni with a ratio of Fe:Co:Ni = 40:20:40 were determined by means of DSC analysis. Besides, the experimental C-window of this system with a binder content of 14.3 ± 2 wt% is accurately defined. Based on the experimental results, a thermodynamic modelling is carried out using the CALPHAD approach. Temperature-composition sections of the W-C-Co-Fe-Ni system with different binder contents are calculated to verify the rationality of the present modelling. There is a good correlation between the experimental and calculated results showing that the experimental data can be well reproduced by the present modelling.
- Reactivity of PVD cathodic arc coated hardmetal tools with Inconel 718: Correlation between diffusion couples and tool wear in drilling tests(ELSEVIER SCIENCE, 2023-10) Jimenez, A. (Amaia); Arizmendi-Jaca, M. (Mikel); Mujica-Roncery, L. (Lais); Sánchez-Moreno, J.M. (José Manuel); Moreno-Telléz, C.M.(Carlos Mauricio); Ardila-Telléz, L.C.(Luis Carlos)The reactivity of Al0.66Ti0.33N, Al0.31Ti0.62Si0.07N, Al0.60Cr0.40N, and Al0.38Cr0.54Si0.07N cathodic arc-coated hardmetal tools with Inconel 718 has been evaluated by using diffusion couple experiments at 900 degrees C and 1100 degrees C. As expected, a strong reaction occurs at these temperatures between Inconel 718 and uncoated hard-metal samples leading to the formation of & eta; phases; mainly M12C and M6C carbides. PVD coatings act as diffusion barriers limiting the presence of such reactions as long as they maintain their structure in contact with Inconel 718 at high temperatures. Diffusion couple experiments confirm that Cr-containing coatings are significantly more unstable than Al0.66Ti0.33N or Al0.31Ti0.62Si0.07N materials, thus leading to notable differences in cutting performance. The relation between diffusion couple results and drill wear mechanisms in drilling Inconel 718 with different coating materials are also analysed. The best results are obtained either with Al0.66Ti0.33N or Al0.31Ti0.62Si0.07N coated drills, where the coating remains longer time at the cutting edge leading to more efficient protection, especially at the drill corner.
- Digital image correlation after focused ion beam micro-slit drilling: A new technique for measuring residual stresses in hardmetal components at local scale(Elsevier, 2023) Alkorta-Barragán, J. (Jon); Sánchez-Moreno, J.M. (José Manuel); Pan-Cabo, A. (Aldara); Castaño-Carmona, E. (Enrique); Navarrete-Cuadrado, J. (Jazmina); Dorronsoro-Larbide, A. (Aritz)A new method has been developed for measuring residual stresses at the surface of hardmetal components with higher spatial resolution than standard X-ray diffraction methods. It is based on measuring the surface displacements produced when stresses are partially released by machining a thin slit perpendicularly to the tested surface. Slit machining is carried out by focused ion beam (FIB). Measurement of the displacement fields around the FIB slit are performed by applying an advanced digital image correlation algorithm based on Fourier analysis with sub-pixel resolution. This method compares SEM images of the same area of the hardmetal surface before and after slitting. The method has been successfully applied to as-ground and femto-laser textured surfaces showing good correlation with the standard sin2 ψ XRD technique. It is concluded that texturing induced by laser pulses in the femtoseconds regime is not perfectly adiabatic, since residual stresses are reduced by 15%
- Effect of milling conditions and binder phase content on liquid phase sintering of heat treatable WCNi-Co-Cr-Al-Ti cemented carbides(Elsevier, 2020) Lozada-Cabezas, L. (Lorena); Sánchez-Moreno, J.M. (José Manuel); López-Ezquerra, B.(Belen); Soria-Biurrun, T. (Tomás)The binder phase of WC based cemented carbides has been alloyed by adding two different aluminium compounds, AlN and TiAl3, to mixtures comprised of WC, Ni, Co and Cr3C2 powders. A more efficient alloying effect is obtained by TiAl3 additions likely due to its higher dissolution rate during liquid phase sintering. Shrinkage and melting phenomena are strongly affected by the energy of the milling process and the amount of metallic additions. The use of higher milling rotation speed induces higher oxidation of the powder mixtures and the subsequent formation of a higher volume fraction of alumina particles after sintering. Densification and WC grain growth are hindered by increasing the Al addition. Thus, full densification of alloys with higher Al additions require the use of HIP after standard vacuum sintering cycles. As-HIPed WC-Ni-Co-Cr-Al-Ti samples present a binder phase with precipitation of gamma prime similar to that found in as-cast Ni superalloys. The size, volume fraction and morphology of these precipitates has been modified by applying a standard solution treatment (1150 °C-2 h) followed by fast air cooling and subsequent aging at 600 °C and different dwelling times. Age hardening effects have been confirmed in the composition consisting of WC-12 wt% Co-12 wt% Ni-1.7 wt% Cr3C2-5 wt% TiAl3 after 100 h at this temperature.