Advances in parkinson's disease: 200 years later
Keywords: 
Parkinson’s disease
Genetics
Drug delivery systems
Non-motor symptoms
Focused ultrasound
Issue Date: 
2018
Publisher: 
Frontiers
ISSN: 
1662-5129
Note: 
This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
Citation: 
López-González, N. (Natalia); Quiroga-Varela, A. (Ana); Garbayo, E. (Elisa); et al. "Advances in parkinson's disease: 200 years later". Frontiers in neuroanatomy. 12 (113), 2018,
Abstract
When James Parkinson described the classical symptoms of the disease he could hardly foresee the evolution of our understanding over the next two hundred years. Nowadays, Parkinson's disease is considered a complex multifactorial disease in which genetic factors, either causative or susceptibility variants, unknown environmental cues, and the potential interaction of both could ultimately trigger the pathology. Noteworthy advances have been made in different fields from the clinical phenotype to the decoding of some potential neuropathological features, among which are the fields of genetics, drug discovery or biomaterials for drug delivery, which, though recent in origin, have evolved swiftly to become the basis of research into the disease today. In this review, we highlight some of the key advances in the field over the past two centuries and discuss the current challenges focusing on exciting new research developments likely to come in the next few years. Also, the importance of pre-motor symptoms and early diagnosis in the search for more effective therapeutic options is discussed.

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