Encío, I. (Ignacio)

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    In vitro assessment of the role of p53 on chemotherapy treatments in neuroblastoma cell lines
    (2021) Celay, J. (Jon); Blanco-Luquin, I. (Idoia); Encío, I. (Ignacio); Saez-Castresana, J. (Javier); Lázcoz-Ripoll, P. (Paula)
    Neuroblastoma is the most frequent malignant extracranial solid tumor of infancy. The overall objective of this work consists of determining the presence of alterations in the p53/MDM2/p14ARF signaling pathway in neuroblastoma cell lines and deciphering their possible relationship with resistance to known antineoplastic drugs and to differentiation agents. Firstly, we characterized 10 neuroblastoma cell lines for alterations at the p53/MDM2/p14ARF signaling pathway by analysis of TP53 point mutations, MYCN and MDM2 amplification, and p14ARF methylation, homozygous deletions, and expression. Secondly, we chose SK-N-FI (mutated at TP53) and SK-N-Be(2) (wild-type TP53) cell lines, treated them with chemotherapeutic agents (doxorubicin, etoposide, cisplatin, and melphalan) and with two isomers of retinoic acid (RA): (9-cis and all-trans). Finally, we analyzed the distribution of the cell cycle, the induction of apoptosis, and the expression levels of p53, p21, and Bcl-2 in those two cell lines. P14ARF did not present promoter methylation, homozygous deletions, and protein expression in any of the 10 neuroblastoma cell lines. One TP53 point mutation was detected in the SK-N-FI cell line. MYCN amplification was frequent, while most cell lines did not present MDM2 amplification. Treatment of SK-N-FI and SK-N-Be(2) cells with doxorubicin, etoposide, cisplatin, and melphalan increased apoptosis and blocked the cycle in G2/M, while retinoic acid isomers induced apoptosis and decreased the percentage of cells in S phase in TP53 mutated SK-N-FI cells, but not in TP53 wild-type SK-N-Be(2) cells. Treatment with cisplatin, melphalan, or 9-cis RA decreased p53 expression levels in SK-N-FI cells but not in SK-N-Be (2). The expression of p21 was not modified in either of the two cell lines. Bcl-2 levels were reduced only in SK-N-FI cells after treatment with cisplatin. However, treatments with doxorubicin, etoposide, or 9-cis-RA did not modify the levels of this protein in either of the two cell lines. In conclusion, TP53 mutated SK-N-FI cells respond better to the retinoic isomers than TP53 wild-type SK-N-Be(2) cells. Although these are in vitro results, it seems that deciphering the molecular alterations of the p53/MDM2/p14ARF signaling pathway prior to treating patients of neuroblastoma might be useful for standardizing therapies with the aim of improving survival.
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    A Fermented Food Product Containing Lactic Acid Bacteria Protects ZDF Rats from the Development of Type 2 Diabetes
    (MDPI AG, 2019) Moreno-Aliaga, M. J. (María Jesús); Encío, I. (Ignacio); Araña, M. (Miriam); Oneca, M. (María); Cabello-Olmo, M. (Miriam); Barajas, M. (Miguel); Díaz, J.V. (Jesús Vicente); Guruceaga, E. (Elizabeth); Torre, P. (Paloma); Sainz, N. (Neira)
    Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is a complex metabolic disease, which involves a maintained hyperglycemia due to the development of an insulin resistance process. Among multiple risk factors, host intestinal microbiota has received increasing attention in T2D etiology and progression. In the present study, we have explored the effect of long-term supplementation with a non-dairy fermented food product (FFP) in Zucker Diabetic and Fatty (ZDF) rats T2D model. The supplementation with FFP induced an improvement in glucose homeostasis according to the results obtained from fasting blood glucose levels, glucose tolerance test, and pancreatic function. Importantly, a significantly reduced intestinal glucose absorption was found in the FFP-treated rats. Supplemented animals also showed a greater survival suggesting a better health status as a result of the FFP intake. Some dissimilarities have been observed in the gut microbiota population between control and FFP-treated rats, and interestingly a tendency for better cardiometabolic markers values was appreciated in this group. However, no significant differences were observed in body weight, body composition, or food intake between groups. These findings suggest that FFP induced gut microbiota modifications in ZDF rats that improved glucose metabolism and protected from T2D development.
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    Novel N,N' -Disubstituted Acylselenoureas as Potential Antioxidant and Cytotoxic Agents
    (2020) Aydillo-Miguel, C. (Carlos); Ramos-Inza, S. (Sandra); Sanmartin-Grijalba, C. (Carmen); Encío, I. (Ignacio); Plano-Amatriain, D. (Daniel); Talavera-Rodríguez, I. (Irene); Ruberte, A.C. (Ana Carolina)
    Selenium compounds are pivotal in medicinal chemistry for their antitumoral and antioxidant properties. Forty seven acylselenoureas have been designed and synthesized following a fragment-based approach. Different scaffolds, including carbo- and hetero-cycles, along with mono- and bi-cyclic moieties, have been linked to the selenium containing skeleton. The doseand time-dependent radical scavenging activity for all of the compounds were assessed using the in vitro 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,20 -azino-bis(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) assays. Some of them showed a greater radical scavenging capacity at low doses and shorter times than ascorbic acid. Therefore, four compounds were evaluated to test their protective effects against H2O2-induced oxidative stress. One derivative protected cells against H2O2-induced damage, increasing cell survival by up to 3.6-fold. Additionally, in vitro cytotoxic activity of all compounds was screened against several cancer cells. Eight compounds were selected to determine their half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) values towards breast and lung cancer cells, along with their selectivity indexes. The breast cancer cells turned out to be much more sensitive than the lung. Two compounds (5d and 10a) stood out with IC50 values between 4.2 µM and 8.0 µM towards MCF-7 and T47D cells, with selectivity indexes greater than 22.9. In addition, compound 10b exhibited dual antioxidant and cytotoxic activities. Although further evidence is needed, the acylselenourea scaffold could be a feasible frame to develop new dual agents.
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    Novel N,N'-disubstituted selenoureas as potential antioxidant and cytotoxic agents
    (2021) Sanmartin-Grijalba, C. (Carmen); Encío, I. (Ignacio); Plano-Amatriain, D. (Daniel); Calvo-Martín, G. (Gorka)
    A series of 30 novel N,N disubstituted selenoureas were synthesized, characterized, and their antioxidant ability was tested using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,20-azinobis( 3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS) assays. Additionally, their cytotoxic activity was tested in vitro in a panel of three different cancer (breast, lung and colon) and two normal cell lines. Each selenourea entity contains a para-substituted phenyl ring with different electron-withdrawing and electron-donating groups, and different aliphatic and aromatic nuclei. All of the synthesized selenoureas present antioxidant capacity at high concentrations in the DPPH assay, and three of them (2b, 2c and 2d) showed greater radical scavenging capacity than ascorbic acid at lower concentrations. These results were confirmed by the ABTS assay, where these novel selenoureas present even higher antioxidant capacity than the reference compound Trolox. On the other hand, 10 selenoureas present IC50 values below 10 M in at least one cancer cell line, resulting in the adamantyl nucleus (6a¿ 6e), the most interesting in terms of activity and selectivity. Outstanding results were found for selenourea 6c, tested in the NCI60 cell line panel and showing an average GI50 of 1.49 M for the 60 cell lines, and LC50 values ranging from 9.33 M to 4.27 M against 10 of these cancer cell lines. To gain insight into its anticancer activity mechanism, we investigated the cell cycle progression of the promising c
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    A diphenyldiselenide derivative induces autophagy via JNK in HTB-54 lung cancer cells
    (Wiley, 2018) González, R. (Roncesvalles); Palop-Cubillo, J.A. (Juan Antonio); Sanmartin-Grijalba, C. (Carmen); Encío, I. (Ignacio); Plano-Amatriain, D. (Daniel); Diaz, M. (Marta)
    Symmetric aromatic diselenides are potential anticancer agents with strong cytotoxic activity. In this study, the in vitro anticancer activities of a novel series of diarylseleno derivatives from the diphenyldiselenide (DPDS) scaffold were evaluated. Most of the compounds exhibited high efficacy for inducing cytotoxicity against different human cancer cell lines. DPDS 2, the compound with the lowest mean GI50 value, induced both caspase-dependent apoptosis and arrest at the G0/G1 phase in acute lymphoblastic leucemia CCRF-CEM cells. Consistent with this, PARP cleavage; enhanced caspase-2, -3, -8 and -9 activity; reduced CDK4 expression and increased levels of p53 were detected in these cells upon DPDS 2 treatment. Mutated p53 expressed in CCRF-CEM cells retains its transactivating activity. Therefore, increased levels of p21CIP1 and BAX proteins were also detected. On the other hand, DPDS 6, the compound with the highest selectivity index for cancer cells, resulted in G2/M cell cycle arrest and caspase-independent cell death in p53 deficient HTB-54 lung cancer cells. Autophagy inhibitors 3-methyladenine, wortmannin and chloroquine inhibited DPDS 6-induced cell death. Consistent with autophagy, increased LC3-II and decreased SQSTM1/p62 levels were detected in HTB-54 cells in response to DPDS 6. Induction of JNK phosphorylation and a reduction in phospho-p38 MAPK were also detected. Moreover, the JNK inhibitor SP600125-protected HTB-54 cells from DPDS 6-induced cell death indicating that JNK activation is involved in DPDS 6-induced autophagy. These results highlight the anticancer effects of these derivatives and warrant future studies examining their clinical potential.
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    Design, synthesis and anticancer evaluation of novel Se-NSAID hybrid molecules: Identification of a Se-indomethacin analog as a potential therapeutic for breast cancer
    (Elsevier, 2022) Ramos-Inza, S. (Sandra); Sanmartin-Grijalba, C. (Carmen); Encío, I. (Ignacio); Raza, A. (Asif); Plano-Amatriain, D. (Daniel); Sharma, A.K. (Arun K.)
    A total of twenty-five novel carboxylic acid, methylester, methylamide or cyano nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) derivatives incorporating Se in the chemical form of selenoester were reported. Twenty Se-NSAID analogs exhibited an increase in cytotoxic potency compared with parent NSAID scaffolds (aspirin, salicylic acid, naproxen, indomethacin and ketoprofen). Top five analogs were selected to further study their cytotoxicity in a larger panel of cancer cells and were also submitted to the DTP program of the NCI’s panel of 60 cancer cell lines. Compounds 4a and 4d stood out with IC50 values below 10 μM in several cancer cells along with a selectivity index higher than 5 in breast cancer cells. Remarkably, analog 4d was found to inhibit cell growth notably in two breast cancer cell lines by inducing apoptosis, and to be metabolized to release the parent NSAID along with the Se fragment. Taken together, our results show that Se-NSAID analog 4d could be a potential chemotherapeutic drug for breast cancer.
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    A Combination of Apple Vinegar Drink with Bacillus coagulans Ameliorates High Fat Diet-Induced Body Weight Gain, Insulin Resistance and Hepatic Steatosis
    (MDPI, 2020) Pajares, M.J. (María José); Díaz-Gómez, J. (Joana); Encío, I. (Ignacio); Araña, M. (Miriam); Oneca, M. (María); Jiménez, M. (Maddalen); Barajas, M. (Miguel); Urtasun, R. (Raquel); Torre, P. (Paloma); Munilla, G. (Germán)
    Obesity is a worldwide epidemic characterized by excessive fat accumulation, associated with multiple comorbidities and complications. Emerging evidence points to gut microbiome as a driving force in the pathogenesis of obesity. Vinegar intake, a traditional remedy source of exogenous acetate, has been shown to improve glycemic control and to have anti-obesity effects. New functional foods may be developed by supplementing traditional food with probiotics. B. coagulans is a suitable choice because of its resistance to high temperatures. To analyze the possible synergic effect of Vinegar and B. coagulans against the metabolic alterations induced by a high fat diet (HFD), we fed twelve-week-old C57BL/6 mice with HFD for 5 weeks after 2 weeks of acclimation on a normal diet. Then, food intake, body weight, blood biochemical parameters, histology and liver inflammatory markers were analyzed. Although vinegar drink, either alone or supplemented with B. coagulans, reduced food intake, attenuated body weight gain and enhanced glucose tolerance, only the supplemented drink improved the lipid serum profile and prevented hepatic HFD-induced overexpression of CD36, IL-1β, IL-6, LXR and SREBP, thus reducing lipid deposition in the liver. The beneficial properties of the B. coagulans-supplemented vinegar appear to be mediated by a reduction in insulin and leptin circulating levels.
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    Thermal characterization, polymorphism, and stability evaluation of Se-NSAID derivatives with potent anticancer activity
    (Springer, 2023) Ramos-Inza, S. (Sandra); Sirera-Bejarano, R. (Rafael); Sanmartin-Grijalba, C. (Carmen); Encío, I. (Ignacio); Font, M. (María); Plano-Amatriain, D. (Daniel); Almagro, E. (Eneko); Lizarraga, E. (Elena)
    Stability, thermal characterization, and identification of possible polymorphism are relevant in the development of novel therapeutic drugs. In this context, thirty new nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) derivatives containing selenium (Se) as selenoesters or diacyl diselenides with demonstrated anticancer activity were thermally characterized in order to establish thermal stability criteria and detect possible polymorphic forms. Compounds were analyzed by a combination of thermogravimetry, differential scanning calorimetry, and X-ray diffraction techniques, and five different calorimetric behaviors were identified. Two compounds based on naproxen (I.3d and I.3e) and an indomethacin-containing derivative (II.2) presented two crystalline forms. The stability under acid, alkaline and oxidative conditions of selected polymorphs was also assessed using high-performance liquid chromatography. In addition, the cytotoxic activity of Se-NSAID crystal- line polymorphs was studied in several cancer cell lines in vitro. Remarkably, no significant differences were found among the polymorphic forms tested, thus proving that these compounds are thermally qualified for further drug development.
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    New amides and phosphoramidates containing selenium: studies on their cytotoxicity and antioxidant activities in breast cancer
    (2021) Aydillo-Miguel, C. (Carlos); Sanmartin-Grijalba, C. (Carmen); Morán-Serradilla, C. (Cristina); Encío, I. (Ignacio); Etxebeste-Mitxeltorena, M. (Mikel); Plano-Amatriain, D. (Daniel); Espuelas, S. (Socorro); Moreno-Amatria, E. (Esther); Astráin-Redín, N. (Nora)
    Breast cancer is a multifactor disease, and many drug combination therapies are applied for its treatment. Selenium derivatives represent a promising potential anti-breast cancer treatment. This study reports the cytotoxic activity of forty-one amides and phosphoramidates containing selenium against five cancer cell lines (MCF-7, CCRF-CEM, HT-29, HTB-54 and PC-3) and two nonmalignant cell lines (184B5 and BEAS-2B). MCF-7 cells were the most sensitive and the selenoamides I.1f and I.2f and the selenium phosphoramidate II.2d, with GI50 values ranging from 0.08 to 0.93 mu M, were chosen for further studies. Additionally, radical scavenging activity for all the compounds was determined using DPPH and ABTS colorimetric assays. Phosphoramidates turned out to be inactive as radical scavengers. No correlation was observed for the antioxidant activity and the cytotoxic effect, except for compounds I.1e and I.2f, which showed dual antioxidant and antitumor activity. The type of programmed cell death and cell cycle arrest were determined, and the results provided evidence that I.1f and I.2f induced cell death via autophagy, while the derivative II.2d provoked apoptosis. In addition, Western blot analysis corroborated these mechanisms with an increase in Beclin1 and LC3-IIB and reduced SQSTM1/p62 levels for I.1f and I.2f, as well as an increase in BAX, p21 and p53 accompanied by a decrease in BCL-2 levels for derivative II.2d.
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    New Formulation of a Methylseleno-Aspirin Analog with Anticancer Activity Towards Colon Cancer
    (2020) Aydillo-Miguel, C. (Carlos); González-Gaitano, G. (Gustavo); Sanmartin-Grijalba, C. (Carmen); Encío, I. (Ignacio); Plano-Amatriain, D. (Daniel); Sharma, A.K. (Arun K.); Ruberte, A.C. (Ana Carolina)
    Aspirin (ASA) has attracted wide interest of numerous scientists worldwide thanks to its chemopreventive and chemotherapeutic effects, particularly in colorectal cancer (CRC). Incorporation of selenium (Se) atom into ASA has greatly increased their anti-tumoral efficacy in CRC compared with the organic counterparts without the Se functionality, such as the promising antitumoral methylseleno-ASA analog (1a). Nevertheless, the efficacy of compound 1a in cancer cells is compromised due to its poor solubility and volatile nature. Thus, 1a has been formulated with native α-, β- and γ-cyclodextrin (CD), a modified β-CD (hydroxypropyl β-CD, HP-β-CD) and Pluronic F127, all of them non-toxic, biodegradable and FDA approved. Water solubility of 1a is enhanced with β- and HP- β-CDs and Pluronic F127. Compound 1a forms inclusion complexes with the CDs and was incorporated in the hydrophobic core of the F127 micelles. Herein, we evaluated the cytotoxic potential of 1a, alone or formulated with β- and HP- β-CDs or Pluronic F127, against CRC cells. Remarkably, 1a formulations demonstrated more sustained antitumoral activity toward CRC cells. Hence, β-CD, HP-β-CD and Pluronic F127 might be excellent vehicles to improve pharmacological properties of organoselenium compounds with solubility issues and volatile nature.