Marti-del-Moral, A. (Amelia)
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- Beta(2)-adrenergic receptor mutation and abdominal obesity risk: effect modification by gender and HDL-cholesterol(Springer, 2002) Martinez, J.A. (José Alfredo); Martinez-Gonzalez, M.A. (Miguel Ángel); Forga, L. (Luis); Marti-del-Moral, A. (Amelia); Corbalan, M. (M.S.)Objective and design A case-control study was conducted to examine the association between the 27Glu polymorphism of the β2-adrenergic receptor gene (ADRB2) and the risk of abdominal obesity (defined by a waist/hip ratio: WHR higher than 0.85). Methods The case series encompassed 112 obese subjects with body mass index (BMI) > 30 kg/m2 and WHR > 0.85 and no other major disease except for type 2 diabetes, while the controls were 127 healthy subjects, BMI < 25 kg/m2 and WHR < 0.85. Results The association between the risk of abdominal obesity and the 27Glu polymorphism was estimated using multivariate logistic regression. A higher crude odds ratio (OR) of 4.08 (95 % confidence interval: 0.98–16.3) for the 27Glu allele was found among men, while no increased risk was apparent among female participants. Moreover, when the model was adjusted for age, male subjects carriers of the 27Glu allele had a significant ten-fold higher risk of abdominal obesity (OR = 10.31; 95 % CI: 1.4–76.8) and the product-term for the interaction (effect modification) between gender and the ADRB2 mutation was near to the limits of statistical significance (Likelihood ratio test p = 0.056). Interestingly, we also found an effect modification with higher OR among individuals with low HDL-cholesterol (< 1.5 mmol/l) after adjustment for age and gender (OR = 2.87 95 % CI 1.09–7.50) and the product-term for interaction between the 27Glu allele and HDL-cholesterol was statistically significant (Likelihood ratio test p = 0.003). Conclusions. Our results showed that the 27Glu allele of the ADRB2 gene appears to be a risk factor for abdominal obesity among male subjects, specially among those with lower HDL-cholesterol levels.
- Statistical and biological gene-lifestyle interactions of MC4R and FTO with diet and physical activity on obesity: new effects on alcohol consumption(Public Library of Science, 2012) Martinez-Gonzalez, M.A. (Miguel Ángel); Fiol, M. (Miquel); Ortega-Azorin, C. (Carolina); Gomez-Gracia, E. (Enrique); Ordovas, J.M. (Jose Maria); Carrasco, P. (Paula); Lapetra, J. (José); Coltell, O. (Oscar); Covas, M.I. (María Isabel); Ros, E. (Emilio); Estruch, R. (Ramón); Lamuela-Raventos, R.M. (Rosa Maria); Serra-Majem, L. (Luis); Corella, D. (Dolores); Pinto, X. (Xavier); Salas-Salvado, J. (Jordi); Sorli, J.V. (Jose V.); Aros, F. (Fernando); Marti-del-Moral, A. (Amelia)BACKGROUND: Fat mass and obesity (FTO) and melanocortin-4 receptor (MC4R) and are relevant genes associated with obesity. This could be through food intake, but results are contradictory. Modulation by diet or other lifestyle factors is also not well understood. OBJECTIVE: To investigate whether MC4R and FTO associations with body-weight are modulated by diet and physical activity (PA), and to study their association with alcohol and food intake. METHODS: Adherence to Mediterranean diet (AdMedDiet) and physical activity (PA) were assessed by validated questionnaires in 7,052 high cardiovascular risk subjects. MC4R rs17782313 and FTO rs9939609 were determined. Independent and joint associations (aggregate genetic score) as well as statistical and biological gene-lifestyle interactions were analyzed. RESULTS: FTO rs9939609 was associated with higher body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC) and obesity (P<0.05 for all). A similar, but not significant trend was found for MC4R rs17782313. Their additive effects (aggregate score) were significant and we observed a 7% per-allele increase of being obese (OR=1.07; 95%CI 1.01-1.13). We found relevant statistical interactions (P<0.05) with PA. So, in active individuals, the associations with higher BMI, WC or obesity were not detected. A biological (non-statistical) interaction between AdMedDiet and rs9939609 and the aggregate score was found. Greater AdMedDiet in individuals carrying 4 or 3-risk alleles counterbalanced their genetic predisposition, exhibiting similar BMI (P=0.502) than individuals with no risk alleles and lower AdMedDiet. They also had lower BMI (P=0.021) than their counterparts with low AdMedDiet. We did not find any consistent association with energy or macronutrients, but found a novel association between these polymorphisms and lower alcohol consumption in variant-allele carriers (B+/-SE: -0.57+/-0.16 g/d per-score-allele; P=0.001). CONCLUSION: Statistical and biological interactions with PA and diet modulate the effects of FTO and MC4R polymorphisms on obesity. The novel association with alcohol consumption seems independent of their effects on BMI.
- Ultra-processed foods are not “real food” but really affect your health(MDPI AG, 2019) Marti-del-Moral, A. (Amelia)Poor eating habits, such as the increasing consumption of highly processed products, have deleterious effects on health status and represent a serious challenge for public health systems. They are not “real food” but formulations of food substances often modified by chemical processes and then assembled into ready-to-consume hyper-palatable food (cosmetic food) [1]. In this group, a large variety of industrially processed food products, such as savory snacks, reconstituted meat products, pre-prepared frozen dishes, and soft drinks among other food items, are included. Thus, it is very difficult to categorize them [2,3]. Three systems are reported to classify foods and beverages based on degree of industrial food processing [4]. The Nova system, developed in Brazil and used internationally in research, and two of them based on the U.S. diet: Specifically, a system developed by the International Food Information Council (IFIC) and used to examine the nutrient quality of foods consumed by Americans by processing category, and another created by researchers at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (UNC) that categorizes all barcoded foods items sold in U.S. supermarkets.
- Body composition changes during a multidisciplinary treatment programme in overweight adolescents: EVASYON Study(Aula Médica Ediciones, 2015) Campoy, C. (Cristina); Bueno, G. (Gloria); Garagorri, J.M. (Jesús Maria); Santabarbara, J. (Javier); Martin-Matillas, M. (Miguel); Marcos, A. (Ascensión); Azcona-San-Julian, M.C. (María Cristina); Miguel-Etayo, P. (Pilar) de; Zapatera, B. (Belen); Moreno, L.A. (Luis A.); Marti-del-Moral, A. (Amelia)Resumen Introducción: el principal objetivo de las intervenciones de pérdida de peso es disminuir la masa grasa manteniendo la masa libre de grasa. Objetivo: evaluar la efectividad de una intervención multidisciplinar en la composición corporal de adolescentes con sobrepeso, evaluados mediante diferentes métodos de composición corporal. Material y métodos: la intervención fue multidisciplinar sobre el estilo de vida, aplicada durante 13 meses. Los participantes eran adolescentes entre 13 y 16 años con sobrepeso y obesidad. Los adolescentes (n = 156; 54,8% mujeres) fueron evaluados mediante antropometría, absorciometría dual de rayos X y pletismografía por desplazamiento de aire. Todas las mediciones se realizaron al inicio, a los 2 y a los 13 meses. Se aplicaron análisis de la covarianza de medidas repetidas y la corrección de Bonferroni. Se realizó la imputación de las medidas antropométricas. Resultados: se logró una alta disminución significativa en el índice de masa grasa en los hombres después de 2 y 13 meses de intervención, según antropometría (1,16 y 1,56 kg/m2, respectivamente), absorciometría de rayos X (1,51 y 1,91 kg/m2) y pletismografía (2,13 y 2,44 kg/m2). Por otra parte, el mantenimiento a corto y largo plazo de la grasa y libre de grasa en el índice de masa fue observado por absorciometría de rayos X en las mujeres (0,94 y 0,68 kg/m2).
- Dietary fatty acid distribution modifies obesity risk linked to the rs9939609 polymorphism of the fat mass and obesity-associated gene in a Spanish case-control study of children(Cambridge University Press, 2011) Martinez, J.A. (José Alfredo); Martinez-Gonzalez, M.A. (Miguel Ángel); Moleres, A. (Adriana); Ochoa, M.C. (María Carmen); Azcona-San-Julian, M.C. (María Cristina); Rendo-Urteaga, T. (Tara); Marti-del-Moral, A. (Amelia)The rs9939609 polymorphism of the FTO gene has been widely associated with childhood obesity in several European cohorts. This association appears to be depending on dietary macronutrients. Therefore, our aim was to evaluate whether dietary fatty acid distribution intake could interact with this FTO genetic variation and obesity in a Spanish children and adolescents case-control study. 354 Spanish children and adolescents aged 6-18 (49% males) were genotyped for the rs9939609 variant of the FTO gene. Anthropometric parameters were taken and energy intake was measured. We observed an interaction between the percentage of saturated fatty acids (SFA) of diet over total energy intake as well as polyunsaturated/saturated (PUFA/SFA) fatty acid ratio and the association of the polymorphism with obesity risk. In our population the risk allele carriers consuming more than 12.6% SFA of their total energy value had an increased obesity risk compared with TT carriers. In the same way, A allele carriers that intake less than 0.43 PUFA/SFA ratio presented higher obesity risk than non A allele carriers. In summary, this study reports for the first time, the influence of dietary fatty acid distribution on the effect of the rs9939609 polymorphism of the FTO gene on obesity risk.
- Genetics of obesity: gene x nutrient interactions(Hogrefe, 2006) Martinez, J.A. (José Alfredo); Marti-del-Moral, A. (Amelia)Obesity results from a long-term positive energy balance, in which gene-related differences may account for some of the disparities found in weight gain among populations. However, the rising prevalence of obesity in developed and developing societies must reflect lifestyle changes. Despite that the genetic background remains stable over many generations, obesity may be derived from a failure on the homeostasis systems, as a consequence of a dysfunction at the genetic level, which may be affected by changing environmental exposure (dietary habits, sedentarism, etc). In practice, obesity risk at least depends on two important factors, which mutually interact: 1) genetic variants and gene expression changes in candidate genes and 2) exposure to environmental risk factors. Disagreements among studies involving gene-nutrient interactions may reflect the difficulty of accurate measurement of specific types of dietary macro and micronutrients intake as well of phenotype assessment rather than a discrepancy in biological relevance. Identification of individuals who are genetically more likely to respond to particular dietary changes may be important for successful intervention in obesity treatment, since gene screening will allow health professionals to tailor-design weight management and dietary guidance in individuals with a genetic predisposition to become obese.
- Causas de obesidad(Gobierno de Navarra, Departamento de Salud, 2002) Martinez, J.A. (José Alfredo); Moreno-Aliaga, M. J. (María Jesús); Marques-Lopes, I. (Iva); Marti-del-Moral, A. (Amelia)La etiología y tratamiento de la obesidad exige el conocimiento de los mecanismos que controlan la homeostasis de los sustratos combustibles y la adiposidad. Los procesos de regulación ajustan el aporte de sustratos combustibles y las demandas de energía con objeto de mantener una masa corporal estable. A la luz de las más recientes investigaciones se puede hipotetizar que el control del peso corporal y la composición depende de un eje integrado por tres componentes autorregulados: apetito, metabolismo, termogénesis y depósitos grasos. Los factores más importantes implicados en la obesidad parecen ser los hábitos dietéticos y de actividad física, que están afectados por genes, que a su vez, afectan al gasto energético, al metabolismo de sustratos energéticos y al consumo de alimentos. Sin embargo, las crecientes tasas de obesidad no pueden ser explicadas exclusivamente por causas genéticas, ya que en algunos casos están asociados al consumo de dietas de alta densidad energética o ricas en grasa, y por el creciente sedentarismo de las sociedades, tanto en países desarrollados como en vías de desarrollo. El estudio de la genética y el estilo de vida implicados en la ganancia de peso corporal y la obesidad pueden facilitar la puesta en marcha de acciones de prevención.
- CHO intake alters obesity risk associated with Pro12Ala polymorphism of PPARgamma gene(Springer, 2002) Martinez, J.A. (José Alfredo); Martinez-Gonzalez, M.A. (Miguel Ángel); Forga, L. (Luis); Marti-del-Moral, A. (Amelia); Corbalan, M. (M.S.)
- Birth weight and blood lipid levels in Spanish adolescents: Influence of selected APOE, APOC3 and PPARgamma2 gene polymorphisms. The AVENA Study(BioMed Central, 2008) Martinez, J.A. (José Alfredo); Garcia-Fuentes, M. (Miguel); Redondo-Figuero, C. (Carlos); Gonzalez-Lamuño, D. (Domingo); Ruiz, J.R. (Jonatan R.); Nova, E. (Esther); Sjöström, M. (Michael); Ortega, F.B. (Francisco B.); AVENA Study Group; Castillo, M.J. (Manuel J.); Labayen, I. (Idoya); Moreno, L.A. (Luis A.); Marti-del-Moral, A. (Amelia)Background: There is increasing evidence indicating that genes involved in certain metabolic processes of cardiovascular diseases may be of particular influence in people with low body weight at birth. We examined whether the apolipoprotein (APO) E, APOC3 and the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma-2 (PPAR gamma 2) polymorphisms influence the association between low birth weight and blood lipid levels in healthy adolescents aged 13-18.5 years. Methods: A cross-sectional study of 502 Spanish adolescents born at term was conducted. Total (TC) and high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDLc), triglycerides (TG), apolipoprotein (apo) A and B, and lipoprotein(a) [ Lp(a)] were measured. Low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDLc), TC-HDLc, TC/HDLc and apoB/apoA were calculated. Results: Low birth weight was associated with higher levels of TC, LDLc, apoB, Lp(a), TC-HDLc, TC/HDLc and apoB/apoA in males with the APOE epsilon 3 epsilon 4 genotype, whereas in females, it was associated with lower HDLc and higher TG levels. In males with the APOC3 S1/S2 genotype, low birth weight was associated with lower apoA and higher Lp(a), yet this association was not observed in females. There were no associations between low birth weight and blood lipids in any of the PPAR gamma 2 genotypes. Conclusion: The results indicate that low birth weight has a deleterious influence on lipid profile particularly in adolescents with the APOE epsilon 3/epsilon 4 genotype. These findings suggest that intrauterine environment interact with the genetic background affecting the lipid profile in later life.
- Obesity and immune function relationships.(Wiley Blackwell, 2001) Martinez, J.A. (José Alfredo); Marcos, A. (Ascensión); Marti-del-Moral, A. (Amelia)The immunological processes involved in the collaborative defence of organisms are affected by nutritional status. Thus, a positive chronic imbalance between energy intake and expenditure leads to situations of obesity, which may influence unspecific and specific immune responses mediated by humoral and cell mediated mechanisms. Furthermore, several lines of evidence have supported a link between adipose tissue and immunocompetent cells. This interaction is illustrated in obesity, where excess adiposity and impaired immune function have been described in both humans and genetically obese rodents. However, limited and often controversial information exist comparing immunity in obese and non-obese subjects as well as about the cellular and molecular mechanisms implicated. In general terms, clinical and epidemiological data support the evidence that the incidence and severity of specific types of infectious illnesses are higher in obese persons as compared to lean individuals together with the occurrence of poor antibody responses to antigens in overweight subjects. Leptin might play a key role in linking nutritional status with T-cell function. The complexities and heterogeneity of the host defences concerning the immune response in different nutritional circumstances affecting the energy balance require an integral study of the immunocompetent cells, their subsets and products as well as specific and unspecific inducer/regulator systems. In this context, more research is needed to clarify the clinical implications of the alterations induced by obesity on the immune function.